Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Corresponding Author: Valerie Simon, Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, 71 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MIUSA. The need to make meaning of childhood sexual abuse CSA is common and often persists long after the abuse ends. Although believed to be essential for healthy recovery, there is a paucity of research on how youth process their CSA experiences. The current study identified individual differences in the ways youth process their CSA and examined associations with psychosocial adjustment. A sample of youth with confirmed abuse histories enrolled in the study within 8 weeks of abuse discovery, when they were between 8 and 15 years old. Six years later, they participated in interviews about their CSA experiences, reactions, and perceived effects. Absorbed youth reported the highest levels of psychopathological symptoms, sexual problems, and abuse-specific stigmatization, whereas Constructive youth tended to report the fewest problems. Avoidant youth showed significantly more problems than Constructive youth in some but not all areas. Interventions that build healthy processing skills may promote positive recovery by providing tools for constructing adaptive meanings of the abuse, both in its immediate aftermath and over time. Keywords: sexual abuse, meaning making, narratives, PTSD, depression, sexual problems, stigma. Processing allows youth to elaborate trauma memories into organized accounts and better tolerate negative emotions associated with abuse events Brewin et al. These activities pave the way for meaning making, a type of conceptual processing whereby youth can reappraise cognitive or emotional reactions to the abuse that undermine well-being and construct more adaptive meanings Brewin et al. By re-storying the abuse, youth can develop narratives of their CSA experiences that allow for psychological comfort and healthy development. Unfortunately, these efforts are often unsuccessful. For many, processing CSA experiences is complicated by distressing memories, difficult emotions e. Clarifying how youth attempt to process CSA may help identify those at risk for developing problems. The broader literature on trauma-related coping styles suggested three potential strategies for processing CSA-related memories, cognitions, and emotions Brewin et al. Our conceptualization of Constructive processing derives from the writings of Horowitzwho suggested that successful adaptation requires gradually working through trauma in manageable doses. This entails an effortful balance between attending to and disengaging from abuse-related memories, emotions, and cognitions, which protects youth from becoming overwhelmed. Although not without discomfort, this strategy allows youth to gradually construct more adaptive meanings that alleviate distress and promote positive adjustment Brewin et al. We expected that Constructive CSA narratives would evidence deliberate processing; willingness to revisit past and present emotions and appraisals; efforts to pace and regulate exposure to CSA material; and openness to new perspectives on CSA experiences. Our Absorbed and Avoidant strategies capture what Horowitz and others e. The Absorbed strategy involves excessive attention to and engrossment in abuse-related memories, emotions, or appraisals. In contrast, the Avoidant strategy involves a pattern of habitual disengagement from CSA material. If trauma processing is essential to posttraumatic recovery, individual differences in processing strategies should be associated with adjustment. Accordingly, we hypothesized that those with a Constructive strategy would report the lowest levels of various problems frequently associated with CSA, including PTSD, dissociation, depression, and sexual problems. Because both abuse-specific self-blame and shame reflect self-disparaging ways of evaluating CSA experiences, we expected that those with a Constructive strategy would exhibit lower levels of both as compared to those with Absorbed or Avoidant strategies. Most studies of trauma processing focus on adults, with few studies examining sexual abuse. Furthermore, the variable-centered, questionnaire approach that typifies many of these studies may obscure important individual differences in trauma processing. In addition, measures that focus on single variables may cluster different types of processing styles at the scale ends. For example, low scores on a continuous measure of absorbed processing may reflect either high levels of avoidance or high levels of healthy processing. Similarly, low scores on a measure of avoidant processing could indicate high use of either absorbed or healthy processing strategies. To clearly distinguish primary strategies for processing CSA experiences, we analyzed the abuse narratives of youth with confirmed CSA histories. Rather than a factual recounting of events, narratives reveal the constructive process by which individuals organize and evaluate past events in light of current conditions Riessman, Although not without merit, these approaches cannot discriminate those who are more or less successful in their attempts to process abuse experiences. The current study uses a structural analysis that focuses on how youth approach and organize their narrative accounts to identify individual differences in the ways youth attend to and evaluate CSA memories, affects, and cognitions. This approach makes a distinction between how is having sex on the first date a bad idea approach the task of processing CSA experiences is having sex on the first date a bad idea the particular meanings made of CSA events. Participants were part of a prospective longitudinal study of the consequences of child sexual abuse. Project staff first reviewed intake logs to identify eligible cases. To qualify for the study, children had to be between 8 and 15 years of age, in the custody of a nonoffending parent or caregiver, and identified as a CSA case within 8 weeks from the date CPS opened the case. Caseworkers then contacted families to obtain permission for project staff to contact them to discuss the study.
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The five dates that changed my life | DIVA Magazine Feb-Mar 24 If she invited me, then I wouldn't mind paying if she at least tried to actually. “The Desperation of the Instagram Photo Dump,” or “I'm Bad at Posting to My Timeline So Here Are Some Early August. I don't think it's bad as long as I was the one inviting her. Mal · thatemilyfarris. What Men Think About The 'Fake Reach' On A DateEven when no statistically significant differences emerged, Avoidant youth typically reported more problems than Constructive youth. Such work is compatible with early intervention efforts that unfold over time in the context of a trusted therapeutic alliance. In contrast, Avoidant youth have established an automatic pattern of rigidly distancing from the abuse in a way that minimizes its current relevance. For example, indicators of psychopathology in the clinical range on the TSI i. Ein Mal pro Kunde.
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When I've said this before, I've gotten flack because, for some reason, humans believe having sex before commitment is bad. Having sex while driving should be done only by mutual consent. “The Desperation of the Instagram Photo Dump,” or “I'm Bad at Posting to My Timeline So Here Are Some Early August. Can we get real. I don't think it's bad as long as I was the one inviting her. Mal · thatemilyfarris. If she invited me, then I wouldn't mind paying if she at least tried to actually. bad weather driving, though she is pretty good in that department as well.First, the cross-sectional, nonexperimental nature of the data precludes causal interpretations about observed patterns of adjustment among youth with different processing strategies. Symptoms 1 MANCOVA. Find articles by Valerie A Simon. Youth with such strategies should have the tools for constructing adaptive meanings of the abuse, both in its immediate aftermath and over time. Not surprisingly, Absorbed youth reported more PTSD and depressive symptoms, sexual problems, and abuse-specific shame than either Constructive or Avoidant youth. Kontakt Produktanfragen Tochtergesellschaften Verlage Informationen zum Verkauf Zum Verkauf anmelden Anmelden. Mehr erfahren. The green-eyed monster kept showing up in my relationships, but what was really going on? Consistent with this idea, younger participants were less likely than older participants to use Constructive processing and those with nonconstructive strategies reported higher levels of dissociation. Similarly, they did not differ on any of the individual abuse characteristics that comprise the overall abuse severity score i. Symptoms of PTSD, dissociation, and sexual problems were assessed with the Trauma Symptom Inventory TSI; Briere, The univariate tests for processing strategy were significant for all outcomes. So I can be a teenager and continue on with my life. Dissociation 0. Dysfunctional sexual behavior 0. Table 2 presents descriptive statistics and correlations among the outcome measures of posttraumatic stress, dissociation, depression, abuse-specific self-blame, attribution style, abuse-specific shame, and sexual problems. Nur für neue Abonnenten. Table 3 shows the results of these analyses along with the group means. Narrating trauma-related events, thoughts, and feelings provides youth with an integrated story of their experience, desensitizes them to traumatic reminders, and encourages a metacognitive perspective of the trauma as a part rather than a defining feature of their lives. This entails an effortful balance between attending to and disengaging from abuse-related memories, emotions, and cognitions, which protects youth from becoming overwhelmed. Table 1 shows the distribution of the three processing strategy classifications for the entire sample as well as by gender and age group at abuse discovery. Dieser Artikel stammt aus Questions regarding abuse-related affect or cognition are typically met with marked distancing or minimization of their importance, and evidence of personal vulnerability is either absent or largely limited to the past. Individual therapy was the primary modality and the average length of treatment was 5. For example, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy TF-CBT , prescribes a gradual exposure paradigm prior to trauma processing Cohen et al. This approach makes a distinction between how youth approach the task of processing CSA experiences and the particular meanings made of CSA events. Scale scores are created by summing items, such that the higher the score, the more symptoms reported. Although not without discomfort, this strategy allows youth to gradually construct more adaptive meanings that alleviate distress and promote positive adjustment Brewin et al. Sarah Kobielski McElroy 3 Virginia Treatment Center for Children, Richmond, USA. Do they think it's sneaky in a good way or in a bitchy way? The general self-blame attribution score corresponds to the positive composite score minus the negative composite score. Distribution of Childhood Sexual Abuse CSA Processing Strategy Classifications. We expected that Constructive CSA narratives would evidence deliberate processing; willingness to revisit past and present emotions and appraisals; efforts to pace and regulate exposure to CSA material; and openness to new perspectives on CSA experiences.
